Implementing new badges

Problem

gitlab-design#138 (closed) introduced new badges for the design pattern library. It unified multiple badge types across the application into one.

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/issues/7861 Attempted to use the additional functionality these badges have as in "primary" and "secondary" badges. As !166 (closed) was started to late into the cycle https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/issues/7861 has been scoped down.

Proposal

We should make sure these badges are available in the near future, adhere to https://design.gitlab.com/components/badges, and are populated throughout the application replacing all existing badged (which can be done in iterations taking on view by view)

cc: @ClemMakesApps @jhampton @filipa @nfriend @mfluharty @pedroms