Add clang dependencies for Rust's bindgen

What does this MR do and why?

Most Rust extensions for Ruby use rb-sys (https://github.com/oxidize-rb/rb-sys), which depends on bindgen. bindgen leverages libclang to preprocess, parse, and type check C and C++ header files: https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/requirements.html

Relates to gitlab#381569 (closed)

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.