Adds shared experiment badge component

What does this MR do and why?

Adds the experiment badge as a shared vue component. Heavily based on beta_bagde.vue and I also took the link implementation from ai_genie_chat.vue

Solves Follow-up: Create ExperimentBadge shared Vue co... (#418255 - closed)

Contributes to Experiment Badge - Create shared component (#425175)

Contributes to Create component for feature version/maturity b... (#410696 - closed)

Screenshots or screen recordings

Screenshots are required for UI changes, and strongly recommended for all other merge requests.

Mockup screenshot taken from https://design.gitlab.com/usability/feature-management#highlighting-feature-versions

Mockup	Implementation

How to set up and validate locally

Numbered steps to set up and validate the change are strongly suggested.

This new component can be viewed via Storybook

1. Checkout this branch
2. In the terminal, run

   bundle exec rspec spec/frontend/fixtures/namespaces.rb
   bundle exec rspec spec/frontend/fixtures/projects.rb
   yarn storybook:start

3. View the component via http://localhost:9002/?path=/story/vue-shared-experiment-badge--default

MR acceptance checklist

This checklist encourages us to confirm any changes have been analyzed to reduce risks in quality, performance, reliability, security, and maintainability.

• I have evaluated the MR acceptance checklist for this MR.