Allow passing codeclimate variables to the code_quality docker image

What does this MR do?

This MR lets you pass codequality variables into the codequality image.

Right now, if you have a build stage that is failing due to an internal code climate error it is impossible to debug, as the CODECLIMATE_DEBUG cannot be easily passed into the container.

This MR adds the ability for this to be defined in the stage, or globally, and then passed into the container.

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

Conformity

• Changelog entry
• Documentation (if required)
• Code review guidelines
• Merge request performance guidelines
• Style guides
• Database guides
• Separation of EE specific content

Availability and Testing

• Review and add/update tests for this feature/bug. Consider all test levels. See the Test Planning Process.
• Tested in all supported browsers
• Informed Infrastructure department of a default or new setting change, if applicable per definition of done

Security

If this MR contains changes to processing or storing of credentials or tokens, authorization and authentication methods and other items described in the security review guidelines:

• Label as security and @ mention @gitlab-com/gl-security/appsec
• The MR includes necessary changes to maintain consistency between UI, API, email, or other methods
• Security reports checked/validated by a reviewer from the AppSec team