Document dependency management in Go

What does this MR do?

Go takes an unusual approach to dependency management. In working on !27746 (merged) and issues relating to Go (&3043), I found myself frequently reiterating various explanations about Go dependency management and all of its caveats. Go's documentation is scattered and can be very difficult to uncover. So I decided to write up this document.

Related issues

Closes #218514 (closed)

Author's checklist (required)

• Follow the Documentation Guidelines and Style Guide.
• If you have developer access or higher (for example, GitLab team members or Core Team members)
  • Apply the documentation label, plus:
    • The corresponding DevOps stage and group label, if applicable.
    • development guidelines when changing docs under doc/development/*, CONTRIBUTING.md, or README.md.
    • development guidelines and Documentation guidelines when changing docs under development/documentation/*.
    • development guidelines and Description templates (.gitlab/*) when creating/updating issue and MR description templates.
  • Assign the designated Technical Writer.

When applicable:

• [-] Update the permissions table.
• Link docs to and from the higher-level index page, plus other related docs where helpful.
• [-] Add GitLab's version history note(s).
• [-] Add the product tier badge.
• [-] Add/update the feature flag section.
• [-] If you're changing document headings, search doc/*, app/views/*, and ee/app/views/* for old headings replacing with the new ones to avoid broken anchors.

Review checklist

All reviewers can help ensure accuracy, clarity, completeness, and adherence to the Documentation Guidelines and Style Guide.

1. Primary Reviewer

• Review by a code reviewer or other selected colleague to confirm accuracy, clarity, and completeness. This can be skipped for minor fixes without substantive content changes.

2. Technical Writer

• Optional: Technical writer review. If not requested for this MR, must be scheduled post-merge. To request for this MR, assign the writer listed for the applicable DevOps stage.
  • Add Technical Writing and docs:: workflow label.
  • Add docs-only when the only files changed are under doc/*.

3. Maintainer

1. Review by assigned maintainer, who can always request/require the above reviews. Maintainer's review can occur before or after a technical writer review.
2. Ensure a release milestone is set.
3. If there has not been a technical writer review, create an issue for one using the Doc Review template.