Check runner compatibility with allow_failure:exit_codes

What does this MR do?

Related to #273157 (closed)

This is a follow-up from !49462 (comment 472056902). If a Runner that doesn't support exit codes picks a job with specified exit codes the job should be dropped immediately with :runner_unsupported failure reason.

Screenshots (strongly suggested)

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

Conformity

• Changelog entry
• Documentation (if required)
• Code review guidelines
• Merge request performance guidelines
• Style guides
• Database guides
• Separation of EE specific content

Availability and Testing

• Review and add/update tests for this feature/bug. Consider all test levels. See the Test Planning Process.
• Tested in all supported browsers
• Informed Infrastructure department of a default or new setting change, if applicable per definition of done

Security

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• Label as security and @ mention @gitlab-com/gl-security/appsec
• The MR includes necessary changes to maintain consistency between UI, API, email, or other methods
• Security reports checked/validated by a reviewer from the AppSec team