Draft: Bigint migration for ci_job_artifacts + adding a template for upcoming migrations

What does this MR do?

This builds on !58177 (merged) and adds the migration to prepare ci_job_artifacts (add columns, install trigger).

Since we are going to see this migration a few times on other tables, I've extracted things into a "migration template".

Note: Dependency on !58177 (merged), hence this is targeting that feature branch until said MR merged.

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

Conformity

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