Add the four primary work item types to DB

What does this MR do?

This change adds the 4 primary work item types: issue, incident, test_case, and requirement.

It also changes the enum Issue.issue_types into WorkItem::Type.base_types. The values stay the same, so there is no issue of compatibility.

Upcoming MRs will begin filling in the Issue.work_item_type_id

Database

Migrate up

> rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20210804150320
== 20210804150320 CreateBaseWorkItemTypes: migrating ==========================
== 20210804150320 CreateBaseWorkItemTypes: migrated (0.0150s) =================

Migrate down

> rake db:migrate:down VERSION=20210804150320
== 20210804150320 CreateBaseWorkItemTypes: reverting ==========================
== 20210804150320 CreateBaseWorkItemTypes: reverted (0.0098s) =================

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

Conformity

• I have included changelog trailers, or none are needed. (Does this MR need a changelog?)
• I have added/updated documentation, or it's not needed. (Is documentation required?)
• I have properly separated EE content from FOSS, or this MR is FOSS only. (Where should EE code go?)
• I have added information for database reviewers in the MR description, or it's not needed. (Does this MR have database related changes?)
• I have self-reviewed this MR per code review guidelines.
• This MR does not harm performance, or I have asked a reviewer to help assess the performance impact. (Merge request performance guidelines)
• I have followed the style guides.
• This change is backwards compatible across updates, or this does not apply.

Availability and Testing

• I have added/updated tests following the Testing Guide, or it's not needed. (Consider all test levels. See the Test Planning Process.)
• I have tested this MR in all supported browsers, or it's not needed.
• I have informed the Infrastructure department of a default or new setting change per definition of done, or it's not needed.

Security

Does this MR contain changes to processing or storing of credentials or tokens, authorization and authentication methods or other items described in the security review guidelines? If not, then delete this Security section.

• Label as security and @ mention @gitlab-com/gl-security/appsec
• The MR includes necessary changes to maintain consistency between UI, API, email, or other methods
• Security reports checked/validated by a reviewer from the AppSec team

Related to #335722 (closed) and #323404 and #338002 (closed)