[EE Port] Update database requirements documentation with more MySQL limitations

What does this MR do?

Ports https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/merge_requests/21686 to EE.

Relevant issue

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/51173#note_99498271

Author's checklist

• Apply the correct labels and milestone
• Crosslink the document from the higher-level index
• Crosslink the document from other subject-related docs
• Correctly apply the product badges and tiers
• Port the MR to EE (or backport from CE): always recommended, required when the ee-compat-check job fails

Review checklist

• Your team's review (required)
• PM's review (recommended, but not a blocker)
• Technical writer's review (required)
• Merge the EE-MR first, CE-MR afterwards