Make badge in shared/_protected_branch partial Pajamas-compliant

What does this MR do and why?

This MR replaces the existing badge in app/views/projects/protected_branches/shared/_protected_branch.html.haml with a Pajamas-compliant badge.

Screenshots or screen recordings

Before	After

How to set up and validate locally

Numbered steps to set up and validate the change are strongly suggested.

MR acceptance checklist

This checklist encourages us to confirm any changes have been analyzed to reduce risks in quality, performance, reliability, security, and maintainability.

• I have evaluated the MR acceptance checklist for this MR.

Related to #344338 (closed)