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Add troubleshooting for SSL SYSCALL error observed when using external PostgreSQL

What does this MR do and why?

This MR updates the Configure GitLab using an external PostgreSQL service documentation to introduce a troubleshooting section that provides guidance on how to resolve this error that the GitLab Support team has noticed recently:

pg_dump: error: Error message from server: SSL SYSCALL error: EOF detected

This error sometimes happens when running gitlab-backup create. As described in the #364763 (closed) issue, when we see SSL SYSCALL error: EOF detected in the GitLab Rails logs, we see an indication that PostgreSQL experiences a segmentation fault.

This error can occur after the GitLab instance has been using the impacted version of PostgreSQL for some period of time.

We previously updated the docs to make 12.10 the minimum PostgreSQL version in !84183 (merged) when we first encountered this issue.

🎫 Tickets

The GitLab Support team has used this approach to resolve multiple tickets. These tickets are available to GitLab team members with access to Zendesk:

Ticket When SSL SYSCALL error: EOF detected RDS? Resolution GitLab version
279581 unclear Y Upgrade to 13.3 unclear
286985 Running ANALYZE Y Upgrade to 12.10 ~14.8
292436 Observed in the logs Y Upgrade to 13.3 ~14.9
293012 gitlab-backup create Y Upgrade to 12.10 ~14.10
298774 gitlab-rake gitlab:doctor:secrets RDS Upgrade to 12.10 ~14.9
299181 gitlab-backup create Y Upgrade to 12.11 (we believe) ~14.10

🌐 Links

See the External PostgreSQL 12 and 13 servers should be upgraded to the latest minor version blog post.

The gitlab-org/gitlab#364763 issue discusses this behavior further.

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Numbered steps to set up and validate the change are strongly suggested.

MR acceptance checklist

This checklist encourages us to confirm any changes have been analyzed to reduce risks in quality, performance, reliability, security, and maintainability.

Edited by Brie Carranza

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